ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon and its compounds. Carbon's unique ability to form four covalent bonds and create chains with itself gives rise to millions of organic compounds, ranging from simple molecules like methane to complex biological macromolecules like proteins and DNA. Despite the diversity of organic compounds, they follow fundamental principles of structure, bonding, and reactivity. Understanding organic chemistry requires knowledge of molecular structure representation, functional groups, classification, isomerism, and analytical techniques. This chapter explores the principles governing organic compounds, methods for determining structure, and techniques for separating and purifying organic substances.

---