General Studies Paper I — UPSC Mains

Art forms, architecture, painting, music & literature across the ages.

From the East India Company to the rise of nationalism.

Moderates to Gandhi to the INA — the road to independence.

Integrating states, framing the Constitution & building a nation.

Revolutions, industrialisation, imperialism & the world wars.

Unity in diversity — caste, family, religion & tribal communities.

Demographic dividend, poverty, women & the challenge of cities.

Economic, cultural & social effects of a connected world.

Empowerment, communalism, regionalism & Indian secularism.

Plate tectonics, landforms, climate, oceans & biogeography.

Where resources and industries locate — and why.

Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, cyclones & disaster management.